Papers on avian diseases relevant to etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis, treatment, and control are accepted. Draft eu comments on the proposed changes to the oie. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, midwestern united. Primers used for h5 and h9 subtyping of avian influenza viruses from egypt, 2010 2012. This report describes two cases of conjunctivitis without fever or respiratory symptoms caused by hpai a h7n3 virus infection in. Offlu oiefao network of expertise on animal influenza. Pdf avian influenza h5n1 surveillance in geese of qinghai.
Of the three influenza genera a, b and c, only influenza a viruses are known to infect birds. Epizootiologic data for avian influenza virus isolated from poultry in 7 governorates in egypt, 2010 2012. Pdf development of standard reagents for avian influenza. International regulations and standards for avian influenza.
They have a negative strand, segmented genome of eight segments coding for 10 proteins. In previous versions of the terrestrial code and manual of diagnostic tests and. This second h5n8 wave resulted in a large number of outbreaks in poultry farms and the deaths of large numbers of wild birds in multiple european countries. Avian influenza report avian influenza report is a weekly report produced by the surveillance division of the communicable disease branch of the centre for health protection. Overview of the emergence and characteristics of the avian. Update of who biosafety risk assessment and guidelines for the. During juneaugust 2012, mexicos national service for health, safety, and food quality reported outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai a h7n3 virus in poultry on farms throughout the state of jalisco 1,2. Jun 02, 2020 highly pathogenicity or high path avian influenza hpai hpai is often fatal in chickens and turkeys. Sample of tender document for inactivated avian influenza vaccines 57 annex 3. Avian influenza virus surveillance in migratory birds in. Hpai has been detected and eradicated three times in u. Genetic analysis of an h5n2 highly pathogenic avian.
Selected references for further information 55 annex 2. The ai virus aiv transmission from birds to human causing severe cases and mortality enhanced the magnitude of. Avian influenza surveillance reveals presence of low. Worldwide hpaiv h5n1 notifications to the oie, in march.
As a result of this postponement, no adoption of new or revised oie international standards will occur in 2020. Continuing progress towards a unified nomenclature for the highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza viruses. Avian influenza ai is one of the most relevant viruses in the poultry industry. Avian influenza ai and newcastle disease nd viruses are endemic across central asia and represent a significant burden to sustainable food security across the region within the poultry industry. Since then, the three organisations regularly exchange followup information on the global animal influenza situation, as one of their 3 priority topics.
Effect of avian influenza on household consumption of poultry products. In poultry, low pathogenicity strains typically cause respiratory signs. Avian influenza h5n1 vaccination efficacy in egyptian backyard. Active surveillance for avian influenza virus, egypt, 20102012.
Avian diseases avian diseases guidelines for authors general information mission avian diseases is an international journal dedicated to publishing original basic or clinical research of the highest quality from various disciplines including microbiology, immunology, pathology, and epidemiology. Offlu is the oie fao global network of expertise on animal influenza working to reduce the negative impacts of animal influenza viruses by promoting effective collaboration between animal health experts and with the human health sector. Avian influenza surveillance in domestic waterfowl and. Active surveillance for avian influenza virus, egypt, 2010. Impact of vaccines and vaccination on global control of.
An enzymelinked immunosorbent assay for detection of. Detection of avian influenza a virus matrix gene by real time pcr. This report highlights global avian influenza activity in humans and birds. The largest of these epizootics, affecting more birds and countries than the other 29 epizootics combined, has been the h5n1 hpai, which began in guangdong china in 1996, and has killed or resulted in culling of over 250 million poultry andor wild birds in 63 countries. Highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai viruses can develop from certain lpai. Update of who biosafety risk assessment and guidelines for. The disease has also been reported in donkeys stief et al. Version adopted by the world assembly of delegates 2012. Oie working groups for the revision of the chapters of the oie manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals and member of ad hoc working groups 20012004.
A global strategy for the progressive control of highly. Intravenous patho genicity test revealed that this virus is highly pathogenic in chickens. Read the latest situation report on avian influenza. Phylogenetic analysis showed that these viruses belonged to clade 2. Nominated oie fao expert for avian influenza and newcastle disease. These standards are science and riskbased to ensure safe trade in poultry and poultry products without unjustified barriers. The oie provides guidelines, advice and standards to prevent, diagnose, and respond to outbreaks of notifiable avian influenza nai within the terrestrial animal health code 2010 and the manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2008. In 2012, we collected 532 samples from wild geese of two species. The avian influenza virus currently causing the major epidemic in asia is. After an outbreak of ah5n1 virus in 1997 in poultry in hong kong sar, china, since 2003, this avian and other influenza viruses have spread from asia to europe and africa. Indi dharmayanti1, kusuma diwyanto2, dan sjamsul bahri1,2 balai besar penelitian veteriner, jalan r.
There are many h and n subtypes, but highly pathogenic avian influenza viruses have historically been either h5 or h7, and to a lesser degree h9. Here we report on the detection of hpai h5n8 virus. The original document represented a first step in the elaboration of a global strategy for the control of highly pathogenic avian influenza. Dec, 2020 whatever the species involved, all cases of h5 and h7type influenzas must be reported notified to the oie, even if there is indication or proof that they are low pathogenic. Therefore, the current version of the terrestrial manual is the 2019 edition. Oie fao international reference laboratory for ai influenza detection of influenza a matrix gene by real time taqman rtpcr page 3 of 17 1 introduction 1. Birds are the natural hosts for avian influenza viruses. Local amplification of highly pathogenic avian influenza.
Offlu technical meeting, fao, rome, 16th and 17th november 2010. Also, the oie terrestrial manual suggests that the protection from mortality and protection. Confirmed avian influenza ah5 or other highly pathogenic avian influenza in poultry wild birds environmental samples reported in this week details of reports places of occurrence details oie report date vietnam samples from poultry in tra vinh were tested positive for highly pathogenic avian influenza ah5n1. Introduction highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai viruses of subtype h5n8 were reintroduced into the netherlands by late 2016, after detections in southeast asia and russia. Inactivated vaccine trial of mycoplasma gallisepticum in ethiopia. Oie fao reference laboratories and experts for avian influenza 43 annex 4. Hpai spreads rapidly and has a high death rate in birds than lpai. Influenza viruses have two main surface antigens, the haemagglutinin h and neuraminidase n.
Avian influenza is caused by viruses that are membersai of the influenza a genus of the family orthomyxoviridae. Offlu technical meeting for head of avian influenza reference institutions and swine influenza experts oie, paris, 15th and 16th september 2009. For other types of avian influenzas, only the highly pathogenic types must be reported to the oie, e. Methods data was collated from four databases scopus, web of science core correlation. Italy iran 2012 2015 avian influenza newcastle disease. Updates on the spread of h5n8 avian influenza from an. Airborne transmission of influenza ah5n1 virus between. From september to december 2011, 162 new england harbor seals died in an outbreak of pneumonia. In 1996, the first outbreak of h5n1 highly pathogenic avian influenza virus hpaiv infection occurred at a goose farm in guangdong province, china. Influenza at the human animal interface summary and. An active serological survey of antibodies to newcastle.
It seems likely that part of the influenza gene pool is maintained in shorebirds and gulls, from which the predominant number of isolated influenza viruses are of a different subtype to those isolated from ducks kawaoka et al. Wild waterfowl and shorebirds are often asymptomatic carriers. Avian influenza is a disease caused by influenza a virus iav that mainly affects domestic poultry but poses a serious zoonotic threat due to direct transmission from poultry to mammals including. Oie fao reference laboratories and experts for avian influenza 59. To detect influenza viruses in egypt, since 2009 we have actively surveyed various regions and poultry production sectors. The type with the greatest risk is highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai. Evidence from first outbreak in ogun state, nigeria.
Avian diseases is an international journal dedicated to publishing original basic or clinical research of the highest quality from various disciplines including microbiology, immunology, pathology, and epidemiology. Highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 outbreaks in wild. The pa, ha, np and m, pb2 and na, and pb1 and ns genes of the isolate were phylogenetically closely related to those of. Terrestrial animal health code, avian influenza is notifiable to oie and is defined as an infection of. The western mexican state of jalisco is still the only. Sample tender document for inactivated avian influenza vaccines 41 annex 3. Highly pathogenic avian influenza in hong kong, special administrative region of the peoples republic of china in a wild bird additional information. The use of avian influenza ai vaccines for control of high pathogenicity avian influenza hpai was first reported in 1995 in mexico during the h5n2 hpai epizootic 1. The work was provided according to who and oie guidelines. Avian influenza virus, h5n1, vaccine, egypt, backyard.
A vian influenza aithe bird flu is a virus that infects wild birds such as ducks, gulls, and shorebirds and domestic poultry such as chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. Selected references for further information 39 annex 2. Avian influenza report centre for health protection. Avian diseases guidelines for authors general information. The worldwide spread of h5n1 avian influenza at the beginning of the 2000s, with its host of economic and health consequences, intensified the joint work of the fao, oie and who. As of 9 january 2012, 576 confirmed human cases of infection with avian influenza h5n1 virus from 15 countries have been reported to who see epidemiological curve, below. Epizootiologic data for avian influenza virus subtypes h5n1, h9n2, and h5h9, egypt, 2010 2012. In 20, human infections with the influenza ah7n9 virus were reported in china. Avian influenza viruses only tend to heat up, in the words of dutch virologist albert osterhaus, when they pass from wild birds to poultry. Infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses. Offlu surveillance for influenza in pigs meeting, 6 7 april 2011, oie headquarters, paris 2010. Sequence analysis of postmortem samples revealed the presence of an avian h3n8 influenza a virus, similar to a virus circulating in north american waterfowl since at least 2002 but with mutations that indicate recent adaption to mammalian hosts. The largest of these epizootics, affecting more birds and countries than the other 29 epizootics combined, has been the h5n1 hpai, which began in guangdong china in 1996, and has killed or. Number of countries and territories affected by hpai in domestic.
In sri lanka outbreak of h5n2 in bingiriya have been confirmed by the health ministry in january 2012. Adjuvant, chickens, inactivated vaccine, mycoplasma gallisepticum. Outbreaks of avian influenza among poultry occur periodically worldwide. Avian influenza and newcastle disease network oie europe. Avian viral diseases represent a major hurdle to sustainability across the poultry industry in central asia. For avian influenza the world organisation for animal health oie has laid down international standards on notification, trade, diagnosis, surveillance and the production and use of vaccine. Manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals, oie, france.
Jun 12, 20 notifiable avian influenza is defined by the world organization for animal health oie as an infection of poultry caused by any influenza a virus of the h5 or h7 subtypes or by any avian influenza virus with an intravenous pathogenicity index ivpi greater than 1. Effect of avian influenza on household consumption of poultry. In august 2012, achickenvietnamoie22152012 h5n2 was isolated from a chicken in a live bird market lbm in northern vietnam. Hpai h5n1 is the subtype rapidly spreading in some parts of the world. Avian influenza overview may august 2020 european food. Impact of vaccines and vaccination on global control of avian. The fao manual on hpai control recommends a zoning strate. The aim of study was to detect h5n1 virus in wild geese in qinghai province in 2012. In march 2012, the first documented occurrence in taiwan of highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n2 was reported to the world organization for animal health oie. Barheaded goose anser indicus and graylag goose anser anser. Vaccines and vaccination for avian influenza in poultry.
Therefore, in view of the recent hpai h5n1 outbreaks in poultry, active ai surveillance encompassing wild, resident, migratory birds and poultry was undertaken during 20092011 in the state of west bengal. Hsushuman health implications of intensive poultry. Oieworld organization for animal health manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 2012. This page provides the information regarding the oie laboratory twinning projects completedongoing in the region. Search by serotype and by event is one of the new features, among others, available for public access. On the proposed changes to the oie manual of diagnostic tests and vaccines for terrestrial animals 9 3. Oie terrestrial animal health standards commissionseptember 2020.
May 01, 2014 the haemagglutination inhibition hi test was used for the detection of the presence of the antibodies against ndv according to the office international des epizooties oie manual 2012. The oie fao international scientific conference on avian influenza which was held in paris france, 78 april 2005 provides the scientific basis for the recommendations. Table 1 active surveillance for avian influenza virus. Pdf the aim of study was to detect h5n1 virus in wild geese in qinghai province in 2012. Since then, h5n1 hpaiv has spread and circulated in poultry in eurasia and africa. Highly pathogenic avian influenza a h7n3 virus infection in two poultry workers jalisco, mexico, july 2012. Occasionally mammals, including humans, may contract avian influenza oie, 2003. Emergence of fatal avian influenza in new england harbor. Highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 among wild birds emerged simultaneously with outbreaks in domestic poultry in south korea during november 2010may 2011. Avian influenza infection with high pathogenicity avian influenza. The eu oie fao reference laboratory for avian influenza has concluded that the virus is still predominantly a bird virus without any specific increased affinity for humans. More than 70 outbreaks of the highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai h5n1 have been reported in poultry in the western and northeastern parts of india. There is a flu for birds just as there is for humans and, as with people, some forms of the flu are worse.
Genetic analysis of an h5n2 highly pathogenic avian influenza. The new oie wahis is now available and all the historical and current data on highly pathogenic avian influenza situation in the world is available in a userfriendly manner on its public interface. Outbreaks of highly pathogenic avian influenza subtype h5n1 in poultry from the end of 2003 to 9 january 2012. Avian influenza, known informally as avian flu or bird flu, is a variety of influenza caused by viruses adapted to birds. Continuous circulation of influenza ah5n1 virus among poultry in egypt has created an epicenter in which the viruses evolve into newer subclades and continue to cause disease in humans. We analyzed samples by chicken embryo inoculation and pcr. Highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, midwestern united states technical appendix materials coordinate data on confirmed outbreaks caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza hpai, subtype h5, were available from the world organisation for animal health oie 1. Avian influenza, known informally as avian flu or bird flu, is a variety of influenza caused by. Avian influenza is a viral infection found in domestic poultry and a wide range of other birds.
Given the covid19 pandemic, the oie 88th general session, scheduled to take place in may 2020, has been postponed until 2021. Evidence that initial outbreaks in domestic poultry occur as the result of spread from. Offlu is the oie fao network of expertise on animal influenza working to reduce the negative impacts of animal influenza viruses by promoting effective collaboration between animal health experts and with the human health sector. A study published in 2012 in science magazine reported on research findings. Avian influenza ai is a highly contagious viral disease affecting several species of food producing birds chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl, etc.
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